Metal powder. Supersonic impact. Solid-state bonds.
Exploring cold spray from the particle scale up—using numerical models to reveal how
velocity, stress, and material response shape a deposit before the first experiment runs.
Cold spray builds with kinetic energy, not a melt pool.
01
Accelerate
Compressed gas drives micron-scale powder through a converging-diverging nozzle.
300–1200 m/s
02
Impact
Particles remain solid, then deform intensely at the particle–substrate interface.
µs timescale
03
Bond
Surface films rupture, fresh metal is exposed, and successive impacts build the deposit.
layer by layer
Original simulation archive
Two impacts. Two views into deposition.
Preserved from the original research page and reframed with the questions that make
each model useful: where stress concentrates, how material response evolves, and what changes with velocity.
